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In which of the following mode the dimensions of the antenna must be smaller compared to the wavelength?

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In which of the following mode the dimensions of the antenna must be smaller compared to the wavelength?

(a) Normal mode

(b) Axial mode

(c) Beam mode

(d) End-fire mode

This question was addressed to me during a job interview.

Asked question is from Frequency Independent Antenna topic in portion Frequency Independent Antenna of Antennas

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Right answer is (a) Normal mode

The best I can explain: In normal mode, the radiation is perpendicular to axis. It is also known as perpendicular mode. In this the antenna dimensions are smaller compared to the wavelength.Axial mode is also known as beam mode or end-fire mode. In Axial mode of radiation, the radiation is in end-fire direction along the helical axis.

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