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Which is an example of chemical to osmotic energy conversion that occurs in living organisms?

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Which is an example of chemical to osmotic energy conversion that occurs in living organisms?

(a) ATP-driven muscle contraction

(b) ATP-dependent photon emission in fireflies

(c) light-induced electron flow in chloroplasts

(d) ATP-driven active transport across a membrane

The question was posed to me by my college professor while I was bunking the class.

I would like to ask this question from Phosphoryl Group Transfers and ATP topic in section Principles of Bioenergetics and Glycolysis of Biochemistry

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Best answer
The correct option is (d) ATP-driven active transport across a membrane

The best explanation: ATP-driven muscle contraction is an example for chemical to mechanical energy conversion.

ATP-dependent photon emission in fireflies is an example for chemical to electromagnetic energy conversion.

Light-induced electron flow in chloroplasts is an example for electromagnetic to electrical energy conversion.

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