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Which of the following are used as blood substitutes?

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Which of the following are used as blood substitutes?

(a) Hemoglobin based oxygen carriers, Perfluorocarbon emulsions

(b) Plasma, hemoglobin based oxygen carriers

(c) Plasma, hematopoetic cells

(d) Hematopoetic cells encapsulating hemoglobin, perfluorocarbon emulsions

I have been asked this question in class test.

The query is from Artificial Organs in division Rehabilitation and Recovery of Clinical Science

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The correct option is (a) Hemoglobin based oxygen carriers, Perfluorocarbon emulsions

To explain: Perfluorocarbons are kind of hydrocarbons in which the hydrogen has been replaced by fluorine which makes them chemically inert. Then various substances like water, salts and phospholipid surfactants are added and emulsified. These emulsions carry oxygen by trapping oxygen in their pores. Heamoglobin based oxygen carriers are vesicle like substances which can mimic the oxygen carrying properties of the haemoglobin so that the need for human haemoglobin can go down.

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