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Which of the following sparger is most suitable for agitated fermenters?

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Which of the following sparger is most suitable for agitated fermenters?

(a) Perforated sparger

(b) Orifice sparger

(c) Nozzle sparger

(d) Porous sparger

This question was posed to me in my homework.

My question is taken from Practical Considerations For Bioreactor Construction in portion Reactor Engineering of Bioprocess Engineering

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The correct answer is (c) Nozzle sparger

To explain I would say: Nozzle spargers are used in many agitated fermenters from laboratory to production scale. These spargers consist of a single open or partially-closed pipe providing a stream of air bubbles; advantages compared with other sparger designs include low resistance to gas flow and small risk of blockage.

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