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Which of these terms arise in the conservation equations when using the RANS model?

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Which of these terms arise in the conservation equations when using the RANS model?

(a) Reynolds stresses and turbulent scalar flux

(b) Cross stresses and turbulent scalar flux

(c) Leonard stresses and turbulent scalar flux

(d) Leonard stresses and cross stresses

I had been asked this question in semester exam.

This key question is from Turbulence Modelling in portion Turbulence Modelling of Computational Fluid Dynamics

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The correct answer is (a) Reynolds stresses and turbulent scalar flux

Easy explanation: While the conservation equations are Reynolds averaged, they get additional terms due to the decomposition of the flow variables. These additional terms include Reynolds stresses and turbulent scalar fluxes. This occurs because of the mean of the product of the fluctuating components.

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