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In timestamp ordering protocol, suppose that the transaction Ti issues read(Q) and TS(Ti)<W-timestamp(Q), then

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In timestamp ordering protocol, suppose that the transaction Ti issues read(Q) and TS(Ti)<W-timestamp(Q), then

(a) Read operation is executed

(b) Read operation is rejected

(c) Write operation is executed

(d) Write operation is rejected

The question was asked in an international level competition.

I need to ask this question from Timestamp based Protocols in section Concurrency Control of RDBMS

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The correct choice is (b) Read operation is rejected

To explain I would say: Suppose that transaction Ti issues read(Q). If TS(Ti ) < W-timestamp(Q), then Ti needs to read a value of Q that was already overwritten. Hence, the read operation is rejected, and Ti is rolled back.

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