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For an ideal DC machine, which phenomenon will reduce the terminal voltage?

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For an ideal DC machine, which phenomenon will reduce the terminal voltage?

(a) Armature reaction

(b) Commutation

(c) Armature ohmic losses

(d) All will contribute in reducing the terminal voltage

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Origin of the question is EMF and Torque Production topic in division Circuit Model, Emf and Torque of DC Machines

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Right answer is (b) Commutation

For explanation I would say: In an ideal case, Commutation does not reduce the terminal voltage of a dc machine. In a non-ideal case, commutation takes place improperly at desired timings, thus losses contribute to the terminal voltage reduction. Armature reaction, ohmic losses due to winding resistance contribute to the losses in the terminal voltage.

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