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What are residual stresses?

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in Design of Steel Structures by (962k points)
What are residual stresses?

(a) stresses developed during construction

(b) stresses developed due to seismic load

(c) stresses developed due to vibration

(d) stresses developed during manufacturing

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Query is from Behaviour of Real Beam in division Design of Beams of Design of Steel Structures

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The correct choice is (d) stresses developed during manufacturing

Explanation: During the process of manufacture,  steel sections are subjected to large thermal expansions resulting in yield level strains in sections. As subsequent cooling is not uniform throughout the section, self-equilibrating patterns of stresses are formed. These stresses are called residual stresses.

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