Answer: (d) all of the mentioned
Explanation: Theoretical scavenging processes in two-stroke engines include:
- Perfect scavenging: All exhaust gases are removed, and the cylinder is completely filled with fresh charge.
- Perfect mixing: Fresh charge mixes uniformly with exhaust gases.
- Short circuiting: Some fresh charge escapes directly through the exhaust without fully clearing out the exhaust gases.
Each of these represents an idealized scavenging process, thus making option (d) correct.