Right answer is (c) Gemmae
Easy explanation: In fragmentation, leaves/ stems fall off accidently and grow to form new individuals. Budding is a process in which an outgrowth develops and splits from the parent thallus to produce new individual. Thallus has structures called gemmae cups that contain gemmae which in turn reproduce to form new individual. Sporophyte develops from a developed embryo and results in the formation of spores. Therefore, sporophyte formation is a sexual process that involves two gametes.