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What is the predictable and gradual change in the species composition of a given area called?

(a) Environmental issues

(b) Climax community

(c) Pioneer community

(d) Ecological succession

I had been asked this question in homework.

I'd like to ask this question from Ecological Succession in portion Ecosystem of Biology – Class 12

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Correct option is (d) Ecological succession

To explain I would say: A series of changes take place in biotic communities during their natural development. The changes in the community are constant, dynamic, orderly and sequential. Ecological succession is the gradual change in the species composition of a given area which can be predicted.

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