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In which of the following modulated systems, quantization noise occurs?

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In which of the following modulated systems, quantization noise occurs?

(a) TDM

(b) FM

(c) PWD

(d) PCM

This question was posed to me in homework.

This intriguing question comes from Applications of VSB in section SSB Modulation of Analog Communications

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Right option is (d) PCM

Easiest explanation: The difference between an input value and its quantized value is called quantization error or we can also see it as that when an analog number is not converted into an exact digital number. It takes place in pulse code modulation (PCM). Pulse Code Modulation is a technique in which the amplitude of an analogue signal is converted to a binary value represented as a series of pulses.

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