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Which of the following instrument is used to measure blood flow in the skin?

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Which of the following instrument is used to measure blood flow in the skin?

(a) NMR Blood Flowmeter

(b) Ultrasonic Blood Flowmeter

(c) Electromagnetic Blood Flowmeter

(d) Laser Doppler Blood Flowmeter

I have been asked this question in exam.

The above asked question is from PACS (Picture Archiving and Communication System) in division Telemedicine Technology of Biomedical Instrumentation

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Right choice is (d) Laser Doppler Blood Flowmeter

Explanation: A system utilizing the Doppler-shift of monochromatic laser light to measure blood flow in the skin is described by Watkins and Holloway (1978). When a laser beam is directed towards the tissue under study, absorption and scattering take place. Radiation scattered in movable structures, such as red cells, is shifted in frequency due to the Doppler effect, while radiation scattered in nonmoving soft tissue is unshifted in frequency.

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