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Post-translational modification includes which type of protein modification?

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Post-translational modification includes which type of protein modification?

(a) Ionic

(b) Non-covalent

(c) Covalent

(d) Metallic

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Question is from Guidelines for Choosing Host-Vector Systems in portion Utilizing Genetically Engineered Organisms & Medical Applications of Bioprocess Engineering of Bioprocess Engineering

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The correct option is (c) Covalent

Explanation: Post-translational modification (PTM) refers to the covalent and generally enzymatic modification of proteins following protein biosynthesis. Proteins are synthesized by ribosomes translating mRNA into polypeptide chains, which may then undergo PTM to form the mature protein product. PTMs are important components in cell signaling.

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