The scanning electron microscope (SEM) is primarily used to examine surface structures of samples. SEM provides detailed, high-resolution images of surfaces by scanning a focused beam of electrons across the specimen and detecting the secondary or backscattered electrons emitted from the surface. This technique is particularly useful for examining the topography and morphology of cell surfaces.
Let's review the options:
- (a) Antigens: SEM is not specifically used to visualize antigens, as it does not reveal molecular structures.
- (b) Antibodies: SEM is not suited for examining antibodies directly since it focuses on surface structures rather than individual molecules.
- (c) Anticoagulants: These are chemical agents, and SEM is not used for their examination.
- (d) Cell surfaces: This is correct. SEM is commonly used to visualize cell surfaces and other surface features in detail.
Correct Answer: (d) Cell surfaces