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What influences the permeation of drugs in an Ionic or Electrochemical diffusion?

(a) Charge on the membrane

(b) Charge on the particle

(c) Concentration gradient

(d) Equilibration of charge

The question was posed to me in a job interview.

The query is from Mechanisms of Drug Absorption topic in division Absorption of Drugs of Drug Biotechnology

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Right answer is (a) Charge on the membrane

Explanation: The charge on the membrane influences the permeation of drugs. The permeation of positively charged drugs depends on the potential difference or electrical gradient as the driving force across the membrane.

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