Right choice is (c) Stock market Analysis
To explain: Image processing, RC circuit, and an automobile are all causal systems as they do not anticipate the future values of an image, RC circuit and future actions of a driver respectively. Instead, they function upon either the stored information or on the current values of the input. Whereas, in the stock market, analysts try to figure out a trend in the future based upon the stored information. Therefore, it is non-causal.