Correct choice is (d) All of the mentioned
Explanation: Let us consider x(n) be the input reference signal and y(n) be the reflected signal.
Now, the relation between the two signals is given as y(n)=αx(n-D)+w(n)
Where α-attenuation factor representing the signal loss in the round-trip transmission of the signal x(n)
D-time delay between the time of projection of signal and the reflected back signal
w(n)-noise signal generated in the electronic parts in the front end of the receiver.