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Which process is also called product recovery?

(a) Upstream processing

(b) Mid-stream processing

(c) Downstream processing

(d) Biological processing

This question was addressed to me in semester exam.

The query is from Steps in Bioprocess Development : A Typical New Product from Recombinant DNA in section Bioprocess Development of Bioprocess Engineering

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Correct option is (c) Downstream processing

To explain: Downstream processing implies manufacture of a purified product fit for a specific use, generally in marketable quantities, it also refers to the recovery and purification of biosynthetic products, particularly pharmaceuticals, from natural sources such as animal or plant tissue or fermentation broth, including the recycling of salvageable components and the proper treatment and disposal of waste.

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