Correct choice is (a) Each flip-flop
To explain: A ripple counter is something that is derived by other flip-flops. It’s like a series of Flip Flops. The output of one FF becomes the input of the next. Because ripple counter is composed of FF only and no gates are there other than FF, so only propagation delay of FF will be taken into account. Propagation delay refers to the amount of time taken in producing an output when the input is altered.